THE LEPIDOPTERA OF ESSEX.
81
One, Hackney Marshes, 1877 (T. Eedle ; Ent. x. 189). Twenty,
Woodford Bridge, 1877 (W. Cole ; E.N. ii. 170). One, Lea Bridge,
Sept. 17th, 1883 (G. F. Brabon ; Ent. xvi. 259). One, Haze-
leigh, 1877 (Raynor ; T.E.F.C. iii. 37). One, by Mr. Howlett, at
Shenfield, in 1878 (Raynor).
Stephens figured Colias chrysotheme, Esp. (I.B.E. Haust. i. 12,
pl. ii. fig. 1) and writes : "The male from which the accompanying
figure was taken was captured in company with several other speci-
mens by H. Sims, Esq., in September, 1811, either in the county of
Norfolk, or near Epping, in Essex" (see also Westwood and Hum-
phreys, B.B. 17, pl. iii. figs. 1-3). Cf. my remarks about the small
males of the third brood obtained in 1877 (Ent. xi. 52, 53), and see
woodcut. C. chrysotheme is a South-east European species and
occurs throughout North America from California and Texas to the
northern and mountainous districts. Mr. H. J. Elwes says that its
distribution "is quite unparalleled by that of any other species."
(T.E.S.L. 1884, 16.)
See figure of a curious and interesting aberration of C. edusa
taken near Colchester in August, 1877 (Ent. xi. pl. and p. 52),
Colias hyale, L. Pale Clouded Yellow.
Geographical Distribution—Throughout palaearctic region, except extreme north,
to Japan, and South Africa. Extending its range northwards in Britain, fitful in
appearance.
Larva—Dark green with narrow yellowish-white lateral stripe. Food—Various
species of trifolium. Imago—July to September ; hibernates as larva.
In some years not rare, but more often quite absent; generally
distributed.
" Of this rare British species I have seen very few specimens, and,
until the last season, only three recent captures had come to my
knowledge. The first of these was found in August, 1811, at
Wrentham, in Suffolk, by the very ingenious and able artist to whose
accurate pencil I am indebted for the figures with which this work is
embellished [C.M.Curtis], and is in his brother's collection ; the second
specimen was taken about eight years ago in Epping Forest, in June,
and the third subsequently, near Brighton ; but last season many speci-
mens were captured near the last-named place by a person residing in
that town, &c." (Stephens ; I.B.E. Haust i. 14). Epping Forest (West-
wood and Humphreys, B.B. 16). Epping, occasionally (S.M. i. 17).
Forty-three, Epping, Aug., 1842 ; twenty-one in one day; "I have never