92
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF ESSEX.
216). One seen by Mr. R. G. Williment in Weald Lane, Brentwood,
on Aug. 19th, 1880 (Raynor). One, Havering-atte-Bower, April
14th, 1873 (E. Pemberton-Barnes ; E. xli. 378. E. Newman ; Ent.
vi. 410). One, Havering-atte-Bower, Sept. 9th, 1886 (W. H. Pem-
berton-Barnes ; Ent. xix. 248). One, Epping, Sept., 1835 (F.
Lockey ; Ent. Mag. iii. 415). Common, Epping, 1836 (A. E.
Doubleday ; Ent. Mag. iv. 231). Two, Epping, Sept. 12th, 1846
(H. Doubleday ; Z. iv. 1504). Epping, occasionally (S.M. i. 39).
One, Epping Lower Forest (English ; Buxtons E.F. 100). Three,
Chingford, Sept. 6th, 1877 (W. Downing ; Ent. x. 252). One,
Ilford, Aug. 27th, 1880 (G. Watkins ; Ent. xiii. 277; exhibited,
T.E.F.C. i. lxi). One, Woodford Bridge, 1877 (W. J. Argent).
One, Walthamstow, Sept. 2nd, 1872 (W. Downing ; Ent. vi. 216).
One, Walthamstow, May 24th, 1888 (W. Downing ; Ent. xxi. 155 ;
J. A. Cooper ; Ent. xxi. 184; W. J. Argent, E.N. ii. 72). One,
Leytonstone, Sept. 4th, 1889 (G. C. Frindell ; Ent. xxii. 257). One,
Lea Bridge Marshes, Aug. 27th, 1876 (H. Ashpole ; Ent. ix. 229).
Vanessa atalanta, L. Red Admiral.
Geographical Distribution—Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, North America.
Throughout Britain.
Larva—Greenish-grey, and yellow to black (variable) often with pale freckles,
pale yellow stripe on sides ; spines yellow, reddish-brown, or black. Food—
Nettle, spinning leaves together. Imago—August to June ; hibernating.
Apparently by no means so common in the county now as for-
merly, though generally distributed. This butterfly has been taken
by night at "light" and at "sugar," and I have several times noticed
it flying round trees in my wood (Hazeleigh) at dusk together with
the red-underwing moth (C. nupta), which it then much resembles.
Particularly partial to fallen fruit, especially plums.
Vanessa cardui, L. Painted Lady.
Geographical Distribution—Cosmopolitan, except, perhaps, polar regions and
South America. Throughout Britain to Orkney and Shetland, but somewhat
uncertain.
Larva—Dark grey with yellow spots, yellow stripes on back and sides ; spines
yellow or grey. Mallow-feeding specimens hairy. Food—Thistle, especially
C. arvensis, nettle, and common mallow ; spinning leaves together or under a web.
Image—July to July ; hibernating. One of Buckler's hairy mallow-feeders
pupated 13th Oct., 1868 ; emerged February 7th, 1869 (Larvae, p. 53). Appar-
ently a conspicuous exception to the constancy of hibernation, but doubtless
induced by the unnatural conditions of a warm room.