THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN ESSEX. 165
then for it to swell again like a champagne cork. A handle, however, might have
been made by passing a stick of wood, so prepared as to admit of its being bent
nearly double, through the hole, and bringing together the two ends or lengths,
and binding them by a leather thong, so as to make a compact handle. The
chipped edge shows that it: has been used." Mr. Winstone thinks that the instru-
ment was imported into the district in Neolithic times, and gives in his paper some
interesting information as to possible lines of communication in ancient times,
and probable primitive traffic in bronze as indicated by the hoards of the metal
found at Fyfield, Havering, etc.
We may add that heaps of stones picked off fields in likely localities are often
worth searching over, as Mr. Sworder found; Mr. H. A.Cole picked up a very
good celt and a "hammer-stone" off such a heap at Parndon some years ago.
A SKETCH OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE IN ESSEX.
BEING THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, DELIVERED AT
THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING, ON
MARCH 31st, 1894.
By FREDERIC CHANCELLOR, J.P., F.R.I.B.A., President.
THE study of the architectural and archaeological remains of
Essex is one that becomes more fascinating the more it is
pursued, until so wide a field of inquiry is opened up that it
becomes impossible in one short paper to treat, otherwise than
generally, of the whole subject. Our friends, the geologists, are
able to extend our studies to a very remote period of the world's
existence. I do not pretend to compete with them in point of
antiquity, and, indeed, a range of 2,000 years will cover the whole
period over which my remarks will extend. I have observed that
with the exception of some few, who are always particular as to dates,
there is great confusion in the minds of many people as to the date
of any particular building. The object, therefore, I have in view
is to endeavour to set out some of the leading features in the
buildings of the various periods into which I may say the archi-
tectural history of Essex is divided ; and to enable me to do this
more effectually, and also to enable you to grasp it more easily, I
propose to divide my subject into the following heads :
1. The Roman period extending from the invasion of Julius
Caesar 55 b.c. to 410 a.d.
2. The Saxon and Danish period from 410 a.d. to 1066.
3. The Norman and Gothic period from 1066 to 1546.
4. The Tudor period from 1546 to 1602.