174 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN ESSEX.
2, The roll; 3. The hollow. In the transition from Norman to
Early English the roll became more detached, sometimes being
pointed.
The Early English mouldings included the roll, now having the
appearance of a rib by having on either side a deep hollow.
Fillets on the roll, sometimes in the centre, sometimes on one
side only, sometimes on both sides, and sometimes on both sides
and the centre.
In Decorated work the fillet became much broader (12). An
important form generally considered distinctive of Decorated, but
occasionally met with in advanced Early English work, is the scroll
moulding (13 and 14). Another moulding of this period is the double
ogee (15), the fillets being at right angles to each other with a hollow
between them. The hollows in Decorated work generally divide
groups of moldings ; in the Early English individual members.
In this period the plain chamfer of two orders is frequently used,
especially in our small village churches.
Another moulding of this period is the wave moulding (16), and
its repetition with a hollow between is very characteristic of the period.
Another peculiarity of this period is the sunken chamfer (17).
In Perpendicular work the tendency is to flatten the work ; for
instance, instead of the deep hollow of the Early English and
Decorated periods, we have the flattened hollow known as the
Cavetto (18). The bowtell is reduced in size, forming a slender shaft.
The double ogee is much more common than in Decorated
work. Another feature is the double ogee with small bowtell in the
centre (19).
Of course, the moldings of an earlier period are introduced with
modifications at a later period, and although mouldings are a very
important element in determining the date of a building or a feature,
yet, after all, the general design of the building is a factor not to be
disregarded.
The chief characteristics of Norman work are :
1. The semicircular arch to both doors and windows.
2. The introduction in the arches and sometimes down the
jambs and elsewhere of the zigzag or chevron, the billet, the nail-
head, the beakhead, and other enrichments.
3. The general massiveness of the work, as for instance the short,
thick, circular, sometimes octagonal columns, undivided as in
subsequent periods, and frequently enriched with zigzag or other
ornament.