200 THE ESSEX FIELD CLUB.
have resisted the action of the sea with very much greater success
than the softer. Consequently the Chalk promontories of the
North and South Foreland have sustained but little loss compared
with that of the soft clays and sands to the east and north—north-
ward of Herne Bay and Sheppey and eastward of the present Essex
shore.
Remarks on the Map accompanying the Paper.
This map, in illustrating the present physical geography of South
Essex, also shows how many indications still remain of the former
existence of a continuous river valley between N. Ockendon,
Laindon Hills, Rayleigh, and Althorne on the south and east, and
Warley, Billericay, Woodham Ferris, and Maldon on the north and
west. These indications become the more significant when we
remember the evidence, given in the paper, that since the ancient
Thames invaded the valley of the Romford stream and altered the
course of the drainage, the valleys of the Mardyke and the Crouch
were formed. And about the same time, the continuity of the high
ground between Laindon Hills and Rayleigh was destroyed through
the northerly turn once taken by the Thames towards Pitsea. The
ground west and south-west of Romford, less than 100 feet above
the sea, being occupied by Thames river-deposits, necessarily affords
no evidence of anything but the former presence of the Thames
there.
THE ESSEX FIELD CLUB.
Saturday, February 8th, 1896.
THE 160th Ordinary Meeting of the Club was held in the rooms of the
Young Men's Christian Association, Stratford, at 7 o'clock, Mr. D. Howard,
President, in the chair.
The following were elected members : Miss Lee-Warner, Mr. Ferdinand Coles,
Mr. John Young, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Mr. J. C. Stogdon, and Mr. W. Vincent.
Mr. W. Cole exhibited specimens of the "Cores" obtained during the experi-
mental Boring in search of Coal at Stutton, in Suffolk, which had been presented
to the Museum by Mr. Graham. Three sets of these lowermost Cores had been
preserved, and the other two specimens had been deposited in the Ipswich Museum
and in the Museum of the University of Cambridge respectively.
Mr. T. V. Holmes made some observations on these specimens, and on the
borings generally (see further reports on the Stutton Boring in the present
volume).
Mr. Cole also exhibited a specimen of the Large Green Grasshopper (Locusta
viridissima) from the coast at East Mersea, together with two other species of
Locusdidae (the apterous species, Thamnotrizon, L., and Platycleis grisea, Fab.,