NOTES ON ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS. 147
matter will be able to supply them for himself with the aid of
ordnance maps.
The distribution of these Chalk camps, their presence where
naturally strong positions exist, and their absence where they do
not, seem in themselves, apart from other evidence, to point to
the conclusion that they are the work of a primitive people
grouped into independent tribes or clans which inhabited
adjacent districts. Their wars were with each other, hence
they had no plan of defence on a broad scale. And their tools
were so rude and inefficient that, having to deal with the com-
paratively hard Chalk, they were compelled to economise labour
by taking the utmost advantage of the work of natural agencies,
even though it might often result in great inconvenience as
regards the positions of their forts. I need not here dwell upon
the general absence within these earthworks of any provision for
a good supply of water, or to other considerations which all point
to the conclusion that they were simply intended to be camps of
refuge in which the women and children, flocks and herds of a
tribe could remain secure for a day or two during the raid of
some hostile clan or of piratical invaders.
Popular tradition, in giving names to some of these old
camps indicating the time of their supposed origin, has tended
to lessen rather than to magnify their antiquity. Perhaps the
most remarkable example of this is Cissbury, which instead of
being, as its name would imply, the work of the South Saxon
King Cissa, has been shown by General Pitt-Rivers to date from
the Stone ages. In other cases the name "Caesars Camp" has
been applied to ancient hill forts both on the Chalk and on other
rocks, as with that on the Bagshot Sand at Aldershot ; with the
entrenchment in Holwood Park, Kent, on the edge of the Lower
Tertiaries ; or with the camp on the Chalk escarpment at Folke-
stone. But in all such instances, as in the above examples, the
name has been, in all probability, given in consequence of the
discovery, within and around their areas, of Roman remains, the
name "Caesar" being applied as that of the most famous of all
Romans, who is also known as having visited South-eastern
Britain. In Northern Britain there has been a corresponding
tendency to suppose Agricola to have been the builder of large
numbers of Roman camps.
The Romans and more recent invaders of Britain seldom
occupied permanently the sites of these hill-forts, though Roman