THE ESSEX FIELD CLUB. 411
Mr. Cole instanced the case of the scarce Rose-beetle (Gorimus nobilis)
which he once found, years ago, in Lord's Bushes, Epping Forest, and which
had possibly been so introduced.
Mr. Crouch mentioned, as an example of an introduced species finding
a congenial dwelling-place in England, the mollusc Crepidula, which was now
spreading so rapidly in Essex waters.
Mr. Percy Clark, B.A., read a paper entitled "A visit to the Black-
headed Gulls in Essex," which is printed in the present part (ante page 388).
In the course of the discussion which ensued, Mr. Clark said he thought
that by far the greater number of the gulls frequenting the Thames and the
London Parks were the Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus).
The Chairman, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Clark, said that if
other members of the Club would use their eyes as well as the author had
done, some interesting and valuable papers might often be brought forward.
Mr. E. Lovett gave a demonstration lecture on "Primitive Methods of
Obtaining Fire." He illustrated his remarks with a series of examples of
fire-making appliances from his own collection. (An abstract of the lecture
will be published in the next volume of the E.N.)
A cordial vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Lovett for his very interest-
ing lecture.
Mr. T. V. Holmes, F.G.S., as the Club's Delegate at the British
Association Meeting at Bristol in September last, read his report, which is
set out, ante page 393 in the present part.
Remarks were made by the Chairman and by Mr. W. Cole, and the
meeting ended.
"SOILS AND SUBSOILS, FROM A SANITARY
POINT OF VIEW, WITH SPECIAL REFER-
ENCE TO LONDON AND ITS NEIGH-
BOURHOOD."
BY HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.R.S.
THE above Memoir of the Geological Survey was published towards the
end of 1897, by Her Majesty's Stationery Office. As a considerable
portion of the County of Essex lies within its scope, it is hardly necessary
to give reasons why it should be introduced to readers of the Essex
Naturalist.
It is both short and inexpensive, consisting of 64 octavo pages, and being
obtainable for half-a-crown. At the end is an excellent geological map, printed
in colours, of the sub-soils of the country around London, which a very few
years ago would have been thought cheap at double the price asked for the
whole work. It is a "drift" map on the scale of four miles to the inch. On
its northern edge appears St. Albans, Broxbourne, and Writtle, on its southern
Guildford, Dorking, and Reigate. Windsor may be seen near its western
border and within its eastern limits are West Mailing, Gravesend, East
Tilbury, Langdon Hills, and Billericay. And eighteen sections, illustrating
various points discussed in the memoir appear here and there among its pages.