GEOLOGICAL NOTES. 205
regards size and distribution, to alter the shapes of the sand-
filled hollows from their originally simple forms to the appar-
ently abnormal outlines they present in those figured here.
Where the railway crosses Hatch Lane, a slight ridge
north of the lane marks the presence of the southern boundary
of a slightly higher and older terrace of old Thames deposits
than the beds seen nearer Ilford. Hence on the slope of this
ridge we find the London-clay at, or close to, the surface, its
presence being slightly obscured by the washing down the slope
of the gravel capping the ridge. The cutting north of Hatch
Lane, and east of the compact collection of houses known as
Ley Street, showed the rise of the London-clay towards the
southern boundary of this ridge. A few yards north of the
bridge which crosses the line near the School, on the northern
side of the Ley Street Station, the London-clay sinks to the
Fig. 3 Section from Hatch Lane, at Ley Street R. Station, to the Bridge
over the Railway near the School, Ley Street.
Gr., Gravel. L.C., London clay. Br., Bridge.
Length of Section about 430 yards. Height, at bridge, 20ft.
level of the line. The ridge, north of this bridge, gradually
decreases in height towards the Cran Brook. At the northern
end of Ley Street Station the height of the surface appears to be
about 85 feet above ordnance datum.
As this Ley Street terrace is cut in London-clay, its boun-
dary is not clearly traceable for any distance. But its general
course near Ley Street appears to be nearly due east and west,
keeping a little south of the farmhouse called Great Newbury,
east of the railway, and crossing Horns Road westward, close
to but north of its junction with Hatch Lane. The Ley Street
terrace, being older than those southward, has been longer
subject to denuding agencies than they have been. Therefore,
while the general level attained by the old river deposits north
of the Cran Brook shows them to belong either to the Ley