288 NOTES—ORIGINAL AND SELECTED.
by the destruction was heard in the mansion, but was supposed to be thunder,
and the real cause was not ascertained till next morning. The hurricane was
immediately succeeded by a tremendous fall of rain." This graphic descrip-
tion of the Thorndon Park Storm recalls in many particulars our Essex experi-
ence particularly in the isolated character of its destructive effects.—Wilfred
Mark Webb, F.L.S., Odstock, Hanwell.
The Soils and Sub-soils of Norfolk.—A paper with the above title,
by Mr. H. B. Woodward, F.R.S., F G.S., of the Geological Survey, was read
before the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society on March 25th, 1902, and
is published in Vol. VII. of their Transactions, pp. 401-414. As the counties
of Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex have a specially strong resemblance to each
other in geological structure, it seems desirable to draw the attention of the
Essex Field Club to Mr. Woodward's remarks. He gives an account of the
various essays and maps on the soils of Norfolk, from the Rural Economy of
Norfolk, by William Marshall, published in 1787, to the work of Nathaniel
Kent (1796), Arthur Young (1804), R.N. Bacon (1844), Joshua Trimmer (1847),
Searles V. Wood, junior and Mr. F. W. Harmer somewhat later, and lastly
that of the Geological Survey. The distribution of the various soils and sub-
soils of Norfolk is then noted. Mr. Woodward adds that while there is a
general correspondence between the subsoils and soils, "yet there is an infinite
variety in the soils such as cannot be fully indicated on a geological map, and
can only be inferred from a knowledge of the subsoils." He inclines therefore
to think that:—"A detailed sub-soil map on a scale of 6 inches to a mile,
carefully and judiciously surveyed, should serve as a basis for special
investigations of soils. On it the general characters of soils should be
indicated, and where there is much landslipped material or considerable
downwashes of the sub-soils these should be marked. Sometimes down-
washes of gravel from the uplands are of sufficient importance to have shallow
gravel-pits opened in them, or buildings may be erected on them—and yet in
ordinary geological maps, which profess to show the Drifts, this debris from
higher grounds, or 'run of the hill' has been omitted when it is of sufficient
importance to influence the surface features. This is, undoubtedly, a
defect."
Of course on maps 6 in. to the mile much can be indicated useful to the
agriculturist, the builder and others, which could not be shown on maps of
smaller scale ; much also which would be felt to add obscurity rather than
information to a map one-inch to the mile. Readers of the Essex Naturalist
may be interested in learning that the Geological Survey of Essex on the six-
inch scale is now begun.—T. V. H.
[Several Reports and Notes are held over until the next volume.]
End of Volume XII.