SOME REMARKS ON THE PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. 9
species has been found in later deposits, such as those of the Fen-
land and in the estuary of the Ribble (Lancashire), but the indi-
viduals representing it are usually smaller. The finest known
skull of this later race (fig. 3) was found in a peaty alluvium near
Chingford and presented to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
by the Metropolitan Water Board in 1911. It is nearly as
large as the Pleistocene skulls from Ilford, measuring 23 inches
from the occipital border to the front edge of the premaxillae;
and it is interesting as showing an indent in the middle of the
forehead, which evidently marks a wound that healed during
life.
Horse.—The Pleistocene horses of western Europe are still
known only by scattered fragments, which can scarcely be
correlated and satisfactorily named. The remains, however,
have been much studied, and Prof. Cossar Ewart22 has taken
them into account when trying to classify the existing species
and races of Equus, and to recognise their prototypes among the
drawings made by Palaeolithic man in the Spanish and French
caves. It is difficult to identify the separate bones and teeth
of the small hog-maned wild horse (Equus prjevalskii) which still
survives in the Gobi desert in central Asia, but there are unmis-
takable drawings of this species both in the caves already men-
tioned and on two pieces of bone found in English caves.23
There are portions of slender limbs which may have belonged
to the plateau type of horse (Equus caballus celticus), apparently
the fore-runner of the sub-tropical modern Arab and the sub-
arctic modern Celtic pony. Most abundant, however, are the
stouter limb-bones of a type (Equus caballus typicus) which Prof.
Ewart considers to have been a forest-dweller, characterised
among other features by a comparatively short and broad face.
Fortunately, one top of a skull (fig. 4) has been found with the
stout limb-bones at Ilford, and exhibits the shape just mentioned.
Strains of all these Pleistocene horses, according to Prof. Ewart,
are still distinguishable in the domesticated horses of modern
Europe and Asia. Some of them may even have been already
22 J. Cossar Ewart, "The Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies," Trans. Highland and
Agric. Soc., Scotland, 1904, pp. 1-39 ; and Observations on the Origin of Domestic Horses,"
Trans. Roy. Soc, Edinburgh, vol. xlv. (1907), pp. 574-87, pis. i.-iii. See also E. T. Newton,
"The Fossil Horse of Bishop's Stortford," Essex Naturalist, vol. xvi. (1911), pp. 132-6 ; and
E. Hernandez-Pacheco, Los Caballos del Cuaternario Superior, segun el Arte Paleolitico. Madrid,
1919.
23 W. Boyd Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii. (1877), p. 592 ; A. S. Woodward,
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxx (1914), p. 100.