HISTORY IN BOTANICAL STUDY. 107
finds no indication that, for more than twenty years after the
death of the Countess, that name was used for the drug outside
Spain and as little evidence that during these twenty years it
was used in Spain.
In 1621, the year the Count of Chincon married Ana d'Osorio,
a talented young Jesuit priest, Juan de Lugo, member of an
influential family of Seville, was called to Rome to fill a professor's
chair. He had reason to be interested in the countries then
termed by the people of Spain "Nuestras Indias Occidentales,"
because his elder brother, Francisco, had been since 1600 a
Jesuit missionary in Mexico. Juan de Lugo rose to be the
Superior of his Order, and could thus have become aware of
the existence in Peru of the remedy against malaria supplied
by Barnabe de Cobo in 1632. On 14th December, 1643, Juan
de Lugo was made a Cardinal, by which date the Count of
Chincon had succeeded in establishing the export of Cinchona
Bark to Spain. At that date the town of Seville enjoyed the
monopoly of trade with Peru; the influence of his family in
that town enabled the Cardinal to secure supplies of Cinchona
Bark, which he made it his practice, from the time of his election
to the Sacred College until his death on 20th August, 1660, to
distribute free to the poor, while recouping himself by selling
it at exorbitant prices to the well-to-do. Whether, during
this period, the new drug was, or was not, spoken of by the poor
in Spain as Countess's Powder, there is no doubt that by the
poor in the Papal States it was known as Cardinal de Lugo's
Powder.
Chifflet, physician to the Viceroy of the Netherlands in 1653,
writing dispassionately regarding the new remedy, for which
he uses only the Spanish-Peruvian trade-names, speaks of its
regular import to Seville and its transport thence to Rome, as
established practices, and adds that it had been brought from
Rome to Belgium by Jesuit Fathers: also that at least one
consignment had reached Antwerp direct from Lima. By 1655
we find that both in Brussels and in Antwerp it was familiarly
known as Jesuits' Powder, and we know that by 1658 "the
excellent powder known by the name of the Jesuits' Powder,"
was being imported to this country by an English merchant
domiciled in Antwerp. Whatever may have been the case in
Spain or France, it is certain that those who suffered from