HISTORY IN BOTANICAL STUDY.
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assured was as good as the original Jesuits' bark. But that
Condamine's attention was concentrated on the latter is clear:
it was the material and the information secured by Condamine
and Joseph de Jussieu that enabled Linnaeus to establish the
genus Cinchona in 1742, and justified him in giving, in 1753,
the name Cinchona officinalis to the species which yields the
Jesuits', or Cardinal de Lugo's, or the Countess's Bark, called
"pale" bark at a later date to distinguish it from "red bark"
when the latter came to be exported. But between 1742 and
1753 a new factor was introduced into the situation; in 1752 a
medicinal Cinchona was discovered in New Granada, and that
northern Viceroyalty began to think about the possibility of
competing with the southern; a botanist was engaged to under-
take a survey of the northern forests in search of other
Cinchonas. Meanwhile the export of "red bark" from Loja
began, with results that did not bear out the statement made
to Condamine that it was as good as "pale bark." Complaints
in Europe as to the quality of the bark shipped from Lima led
to the conversion of the exploitation of and traffic in "pale
bark" into a Royal monopoly, and the use of the name "Crown
bark" for the kind recognised as really reliable. This monopoly
did not extend to what was exploited and exported as "red
bark." That true "red bark" had not been exploited earlier
was not because it was not esteemed, but because the tree which
yields it, though it occurs in Loja, was not plentiful in that
district. But that, when its exploitation did begin, the habit
of adulterating it with, or of replacing it by, alien barks became
rampant, we learn from Mutis, the botanist employed to explore
the forests of the rival northern Viceroyalty. When Mutis was
in Lima in 1761 it must have given him no little satisfaction to
find that most of the "red quina-quina" despatched to Europe
from Loja was not a Cinchona bark, but consisted of a mixture
of the barks of four species of Cascarilla, a genus allied to Cinchona
but one whose species do not yield barks with marked anti-
malarial properties.
The southern Viceroyalty, alarmed at the action of its northern
rival, now appointed two botanists to investigate the southern
forests, and although Ruiz and Pavon did not find any district
with forests of the Cinchona officinalis of Loja, they did find
one with forests containing "red quina-quina," and Pavon had