OBSERVATIONS ON PUPATION. 219
"two similar structures at the hinder end of the body, which
"from their solid appearance do not contain any part of the
"animal."
Quoting again from Miall's translation:—
"In the damp earth which the pupa requires, the hooks
"described above fulfil a purpose unexpected by us, but at the
"same time of great importance. The skin of the pupa is
"very delicate. Lying on damp earth it could hardly escape
"injury, and the weight of the body might easily give it a
"distorted shape. But the pupa protects itself from these
dangers by assuming an unusual attitude. It extends itself
"back downwards in a horizontal position, and supports the
"weight of its body by the three sets of hooks as upon a tripod.
In this attitude, though surrounded on all sides by moist
"earth, it keeps its body from actual contact with any object
"until it has assumed its final shape." (Again the italics are
mine.)
Returning to the Eastbourne larva, which we left lying
in its cell, the pupa was disclosed some days later and was seen to
possess the three sets of hooks described by Lyonnet. It was
not, however, extended back downwards in a horizontal position,
as quoted above. In such a position it would be impossible
for it to rest on the three sets of hooks. It actually rested with
its head downwards supported on the two sets of hooks on the
thorax, its body curved in an arc dorsal side uppermost, and
the tail processes resting high up against the wall of the cell.
Only when disturbed did it turn over on its back, but very soon
by means of some active movements of the abdominal segments
it regained its normal resting position.
As previously mentioned my larva did not lie on its back
as quoted by Miall, but on its ventral surface, with its head
and tail slightly curved over its back.
The discrepancies between the recorded statements con-
cerning the resting positions of the larva and pupa in the cell
and my own observations were cleared up by reference to
Lyonnet's original descriptions in the Memoirs. It was then
found that there was complete accord between his account and
my observations, and that unfortunate errors in translation had
in each case inverted the original account.
Miall states that Lyonnet's observations on the attitude