ESSEX PRE-ORNITHOLOGY. 5
Hinton and A. S. Kennard in their Contributions to the Pleis-
tocene Geology of the Thames Valley give a full list of the fossils
found in the Grays Thurrock district and describe three species
of birds. Anser cinereus, Meyer, represented by a left femur
preserved in the British Museum: they add that bones of the
goose have been obtained likewise from the Pleistocene deposits
of Ilford. Cygnus musicus, Bech. Represented by the distal
portion of a tibio-tarsus not improbably belonging to this
species: it had been presented to the National Collection
by Sir Richard Owen. The proximal end of a radius in the same
collection is probably referable to this species. Phalacrocorax
carbo L., a left ulna bearing the number 36633 in the British
Museum catalogue was therein referred to Anser cinereus. The
specimen, however, was labelled P. carbo, which the authors
believed to be correct. A. Bell, writing in 1915 on the Pleis-
tocene and Later Bird Fauna of Great Britain and Ireland includes
in his list 137 species. It is unfortunate, speaking from the
ornithological point of view, that the author did not more fully
introduce the subject for it is difficult to estimate the scope of
his paper and be able to make a comparison with the list of
sixty species given by Lydekker. Miss D. M. A. Bate is of the
opinion that although Bell may have included a number of
records from more archaeological deposits than Lydekker, yet a
great many additions have been made to the number of later
British Pleistocene birds between 1891 and 1915, largely owing
to E. T. Newton's careful work. Bell mentions in his list the
following ten species, the remains of which have been found in
Essex: Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Peat, Walthamstow;
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo L.), Pleistocene, Grays Thur-
rock; Grey Lag-Goose (Anser cinereus, Meyer), Pleistocene
brick-earths, Grays, Ilford and Lawford; Brent Goose (B.
brenta, Pall.), Peat, Walthamstow; Whooper Swan (Cygnus
musicus, Bechst.), Pleistocene brick-earths, Grays, Ilford;
Mallard (Anas boscas L.), Pleistocene brick-earth deposits, Grays
Thurrock, Peat at Walthamstow; Red-breasted Merganser
(Mergus serrator L.), Lea Valley; Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo
L.), River alluvium, Lea, located in England A.D. 1530; Wan-
dering Albatross (Diomedea exulans L.) Pleistocene brick-earth,
Ilford (Thames Valley); Red-throated Diver (Colymbus septen-
trionalis L.), Sub-Arctic, Lea Valley. With the benefit of Miss