SOME OLD ESSEX MAPS 23
well educated and of a quarrelsome disposition, both with his
colleagues and with his wife; according to the Dict. of Nat. Biog.
he died in the College of Arms in 1759 in poor circumstances.
Circa 1724. Herman Moll, a Dutchman who came to
London about the year 1698 and set up "over against Devereux
Court" in the Strand, published a map of Essex about 1724 in
which roads are indicated and the Hundreds tabulated. His
maps comprised the whole world and are excellent. Moll died
in 1732.
1747-9. Thomas Kitchin, who styled himself "engraver to
H.R.H. the Duke of York," published various county maps in
1747-9, including one of Essex. In collaboration with Emanuel
Bowen, Kitchin issued further maps in 1755 and 1760. Bowen
describes himself as "Geographer to His Majesty."
We now come to the best of all Essex maps prior to the govern-
ment maps, namely, those of:
1777. John Chapman and Peter Andre. Chapman's place
of business was the "Royal Academy," Pall Mall: his colla-
borator's was at 7, Noel Street, Soho. Their excellent maps of
Essex, comprising one of the entire county, and 24 sectional
maps drawn to a scale of about 21/4 inches to the mile, are a great
advance on their predecessors: they are from actual surveys
made in 1772-4 and give detailed information, showing churches,
castles, halls, mills, bridges and even some of the inns, together
with the names of the occupiers of the larger country-seats. The
maps were published by subscription, and were issued both in
volume form and in separate sheets.
In 1785 a further issue of these Essex maps was made by
W. Keymer of Colchester, who had purchased the plates; his
name appears on this issue.
1787. John Cary, an enterprising London publisher, pub-
lished 46 county maps in 1787, 1790, 1801 and later dates.
In 1787 he was in business at 188, Strand, at the corner of Arundel
Street; later, in 1828, he was at 86, St. James's Street.
1801 onwards. The Ordnance Survey Maps. The
Government Ordnance Survey was formally established in 1791:
its headquarters were in the Tower of London from its founda-
tion until 1841, when a fire destroyed its offices, the headquarters
then being removed to Southampton, where it still remains.
General William Roy (1726-90) had laid down a baseline
for a trigonometrical survey on Hounslow Heath, in length
over five miles (27,404 feet); this was in 1784, the work was
checked by being done three times over and took nearly three
months to complete. Seven years later, in 1791 (after Roy's
death), a further baseline was laid down by Lt.-Col. Mudge and
other surveyors, and this differed from Roy's measurement by