NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF HAWKSWOOD 157
Around the southern end of area 1 and extending across area 7
is Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) scrub. Area 2 is part of a golf
course. Area 3 was rough grassland at the start of the observa-
tions. In the mid 1950's it was made into a golf course for several
years and then abandoned, when it returned to rough grassland.
It is now cut annually, in July or August, 'to improve the grazing'.
Another grassland area (6) is also cut most years. The remain-
ing grassland, in the Forest (area 5) is not normally cut and Haw-
thorn and Bramble scrub has tended to increase here since the
reduction of the Rabbit population in 1955-57. A large pipe-line
was laid across this area in 1962-63, the ground being replanted
with pure grass seed. Area 4 is not part of Epping Forest. It
was once the grounds of Hawkswood House (a school before the
second world war) but has been left untended since before these
observations started. Here, also, much of the grassland is becom-
ing Hawthorn scrub. This area is in danger of being built over
in the next few years.
The butterflies listed in column 2 of the table are divided
into six groupings which reflect their population changes in the
study area:—(a) species which migrate to the area, from abroad;
(b) species resident in Hawkswood throughout the survey period;
(c) species resident in south-east England but of irregular occur-
rence in Hawkswood; (d) species which have become extinct, in
the study area, during the course of these observations; (e) species
common in parts of south-east England but absent from Hawks-
wood; (f) species recorded by de Worms (1950) but which are now
rare or very local in Essex and absent from Hawkswood.
(a) Migrant Species
Presumably the conditions in the European or African breed-
ing grounds determine the number of migrants reaching the study
area.
Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral). Fairly common every
year, especially the second brood. The imagines patrol "beats" in
area 1 during the late summer and are common in the surround-
ing suburban gardens.
Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady). Rather sporadic. It
was common in 1958 and 1964 but scarce or absent in other years.
Pieris brassicae Linn. (Large White). Fairly common in most
years, scarce in 1960 but very common in 1967.
(b) Resident Species
Pararge megera Linn. (Wall). Common every year until 1962
when it became relatively scarce, becoming common again in 1966
and 1967.
Maniola jurtina Linn. (Meadow Brown). Very common in all
areas, especially in 1967.
Coenonympha pamphilus Linn. (Small Heath). Very com-
mon in all areas except 1.