122 The Galls of Essex; a Contribution to a
Brassica oleracea, L. Stem. The
stock is covered with irregular swellings
or knots; each gall contains a single
larva, but frequently a number of galls
coalesce and form a composite gall as
large as a walnut. The larvae leave the
galls in early spring and pupate in the
ground. The destructive cabbage-gall
beetle. Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis,
Gyllenhal. (Fig. 2).
Brassica campestris, L. Root-stock.
The turnips and swedes are most com-
monly disfigured by hard swellings on
Fig. 2.
the surface of the "roots"; each of which
Ceuthorn. sulcicollis.
contains the larva? of the beetle, but
possibly of a different species from the cabbage-gall beetle.
The larvae in the white turnips and swedes differ in colour and
slightly in structure. Pupates in the earth. Ceuthorhynchus
sulcicollis, Gyllenhal.
Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss (Sinapis arvensis, Eng. Bot.).
Boot. The stalk is galled just below the ground, causing an
irregular, round, white, hard, swelling, which contains gene-
rally but a single yellowish-white larva; but two or three
galls sometimes coalesce on the same plant. The larva
pupates in the ground. Ceuthorhynchus assimilis, Paykull.
Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. Boot. Similar swellings,
just about the surface of the ground, to the charlock galls.
Ceuthorhynchus assimilis, Paykull.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
Stellaria Holostea, L. Apical leaves. The terminal
leaves are smaller, hardened and closely imbricate, generally
discoloured. Brachycolus Stellariae, Hardy. Mr. Hardy
states (Buckton's 'British Aphides' ii. 148):—"During the
summer the Aphis migrates from the Stitchwort to one of the
grasses, Holcus mollis. Here it likewise revels in the centre
of a tuft of leaves, for these leaves, being prevented from
receding, embrace each other at their bases like those of a