The Ancient Fauna of Essex, 7
Cervus elaphus, Linn. Red Deer.—Abundant, of all ages.3
,, capreolus, Linn. Roebuck.—Not common.
,, dama, Linn. Fallow Deer.—One antler (probably
recent).
,, tarandus, Linn. Reindeer.—Antlers, rare.
Alces palmatus (C. alecs), Linn. Elk.—Rare.
Capra hircus, Linn. Goat.—Abundant, many skulls of kids.
Bot primigenius, Boj. Gigantic Ox.—Not common.
,, longifrons, Owen. Small Ox.—Common.
,, frontosus ? Nilss.—Rare.
Aves.
Haliaetus pelagicus. Sea Eagle.—(Tibia) Rare.
Sp. ?—A few bones.
Pisces.
Sp. ?—(Vertebrae, &c.) Rare.
From the lower beds reached in excavating for the "puddle-
wall" were obtained :—
Elephas primigenius, Blum. — Portions of tusk and molar
tooth.
Bos primigenius, Bojanus.—Head and horn cores.
Cereus Strongyloceros, Owen.—Base of a gigantic antler.
The most interesting of the animal-remains from these
later deposits are :—The Roebuck (Cervus capreolus), the Wild
Boar (Sus scrofa-ferox), the Wolf (Canis lupus), the Gigantic
Ox (Bos primigenius), the Elk (Alces palmatus), the Reindeer
(Cervus tarandus), and the Beaver (Castor europaeus).
The Roebuck is now confined to Scotland, but it was
formerly as widely distributed as the Red Deer through our
English Forests.
The Wild Boar4 is now exterminated in this country ; but,
judging by its remains, it was once most abundant in the
forests of Essex.
The Wolf5 has also been entirely killed out in this country.
Its remains prove that it was very abundant in Waltham-
stow Forest.
3 The antlers and tynes of the Red Deer were in many instances cut
previously to their having been imbedded.
4 See Harting's 'Extinct British Animals,' 8vo, 1880, pp. 77—114,
5 Op. cit., pp. 115--205,