The Ancient Fauna of Essex.
11
earths the remains of the Lion, the Bear, the Mammoth, the
Straight-tusked Elephant, the Small-nosed Rhinoceros, the
fossil Horse, the Gigantic Irish Deer, the Bison, the Reindeer,
the Musk-Ox (fig. 4), the Elk, the Marmot, the Pox, and the Red
Deer ; and to this list might be added from other localities of
similar age, the Hyaena, the Sabre-toothed Tiger, the Antelope,
the Glutton, the Gigantic Beaver, the Southern Elephant, and
Sedgwick's Deer—a very large Deer with branching antlers,
which, with the Gigantic Beaver and Elephas meridionalis,
occur in the Norfolk forest-bed. If we divide these animals
into groups, we shall find first a series from the South, such
as the Sabre-toothed Tiger, the Cave Lion, the Hyaena, the
Straight-tusked Elephant, the Southern Elephant, the
Rhinoceros leptorhinus, Rhinoceros megarhinus, and the Hippo-
potamus. Then there are a number of Eastern forms, such
as the Lynx, the Mammoth, the Woolly Rhinoceros, the
Gigantic Ox, the Bison—which now remains preserved by the
Emperor of Russia in Lithuania—and the Brown Bear; for
my colleague, Mr. Wm. Davies, F.G.S., informs me that a
subsequent examination of these remains of the Bear from
Ilford proved them to belong to the Brown Bear, Units ferox,
and not the old species, Ursus spelaeus. Then we have a
number of extreme Northern forms associated in this same
series of brick-earths, such as the Musk Ox, the Reindeer,
the Elk, the Marmot, the Lemming, the Lagomys, and the
Glutton. The Pouched Marmot, Spermophilus, occurs in the
Thames Valley. The Lemming and the Tailless Hare have
not yet been found here, but in the valley of the Avon ;
the Glutton, another Arctic form, has been found in the
caves of Banwell, Bleadon, and Gower. The Sabre-toothed
Tiger9 does not occur in Essex, but it has been found in
Norfolk associated with the Gigantic Beaver. Then, in
addition to those animals which have come from the South,
the East, and the North, there are certain forms—the
9 The range of the Machairodus or Sabre-toothed Tiger is truly remark-
able. Its remains have been obtained from South America ; from British
and French caves; from Epplesheim ; from the Val d'Arno, Italy ; and
from the Sewalik Hills, in India (see fig. 7, p. 15).