24 The Ancient Fauna of Essex.
"The remains of the Proboscidae are numerous, and are
referable to two species—Elephas primigenius and E. antiquus.
This group is not only numerous in specimens (about three
hundred), but also in individuals, of which there are the
remains of eighty-four, as indicated by jaws and teeth alone,
exclusive of the tusks; of these there are fourteen examples,
large and small. Even assuming that many of the limb and
other bones might have belonged to one or the other of these
individuals, we may still fairly estimate that there are
portions of more than one hundred Elephants in the col-
lection ; for there are few instances in which more than one
bone could be assigned to the same animal. Of the greater
portion of the bones of the skeleton there are many fine
examples, and they illustrate, together with the teeth and
jaws, individuals of every age and size—from the smallest
sucking-calf to the animal of most mature age.
"The Pachyderms are represented by three genera, viz.,
Rhinoceros, Equus, and Hippopotamus; and collectively com-
prise 121 specimens. Of the Rhinoceros, remains of three
species are present—R. leptorhinus, R. megarhinus, and R.
tichorhinus, those of the first being the most numerous. Of
this species there are seventy-seven separate remains, con-
sisting of skulls, jaws, detached teeth, vertebra;, and limb-
bones. The Megarhine Rhinoceros, of which there are seven
examples, is comparatively rare at Ilford; whilst at Grays,
a few miles off, it is the species most frequently found. The
Tichorhine Rhinoceros is also rare in this locality, being only
represented in the collection by two fragments. The same
remark applies to the two species of Elephants occurring in
these deposits; for whereas the Mammoth (Elephas primi-
genius) is the common species at Ilford, and E. antiquus the
less prevalent form, the Grays deposit, on the contrary, yields
a larger number of the latter species, whilst the former is
there more seldom met with. Of the remains of the Horse
there are thirty-four specimens, including a fine fragment of
the skull. The Hippopotamus is only represented by a single
fragment—the body of a lumbar vertebra.
"The Ruminant remains constitute fully one-half of the