Primaeval Man in the Valley of the Lea.
127
of horse shoe and side scrapers now indicates that the men
had possibly learned to rudely dress skins for clothing. Some-
times unfinished implements are found; one of medium age
from Lower Clapton, London, is illustrated at fig. 13. The
dotted line shows where the point would have been if the
maker had finished it. Implements roughly blocked out to
form, and without any secondary trimming, are common:
it would appear that the men sometimes first blocked out a
number of implements rudely with a heavy hammer-stone,
and afterwards finished with neater fabricating tools.
An implement in a preparatory stage, of which I have
many similar examples, is illustrated at fig. 14, from Acton;
this specimen is
now in the British
Museum, at South
Kensington. No
doubt these un-
finished tools and
weapons were of-
ten put to make-
shift service. Ma-
ny implements
were accidentally
shattered in the

course of manu-

Fig. 14.—Implement in a preparatory stage.
facture, and the
shattered failures are common in all implementiferous gravels.
Long after these two classes of tools were buried by floods
of water deep in the gravel and sand, there lived a third race
of Palaeolithic men, as far removed from the men who made
the lustrous subabraded implements as these latter men were
from the makers of the ochreous and highly-abraded instru-
ments. These newer tools are found at Stoke Newington at
about 8 feet above the lustrous examples, and generally about
4 feet beneath the present surface. In some places so much top
material has been taken off for brick-making that the stratum
containing the newer implements is almost exposed on the
surface. Denudation since Palaeolithic times has considerably