upon British Ethnology. 205
Ethelred to Normandy and the rule of Danish kings in
England from 1013 to 1042.
The latest invasion of all, of a warlike kind, the Norman,
must have added both to the fair and dark elements of our
population. As regards race, the Norman army that fought
at Senlac Hill was evidently much more French than Scandi-
navian, more Celtic than Teutonic. For the Normans com-
posed but one of the three divisions of William's army, the
two others consisting of French and Bretons. And the
Normans themselves had been settled in Normandy since
the year 912, where they had lost their language, through
intermarriage with the natives, though they had at the same
time given their name to a large province of France. The
Norman invasion therefore, including therein the migration
from Normandy to England which took place after the estab-
lishment of Norman rule, must have added considerably to
the complexity, as regards physical appearance and moral
and intellectual characteristics, already existing here. Though
no new race was added, the Celtic and Scandinavian elements
in our population were considerably strengthened by the
Norman Conquest.
I now approach the second part of my subject, the discus-
sion of the evidence bearing upon the extent of the survival
in the English people of the present day of the various in-
vaders that have been briefly mentioned. To begin with the
evidence of lauguage. Professor Freeman and other eminent
writers of strong Teutonic sympathies have been in the habit
of insisting that the disappearance of Christianity, of the
Roman laws and the British language consequent upon the
invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, together with the
fact that our present language is fundamentally Anglo-Saxon,
imply that the Romano-British population was, in the main,
either extirpated or driven into Damnonia, Wales, or Strath-
clyde. And the massacre at Anderida, and one or two other
similar events, have been cited in illustration of the Anglo-
Saxon method of waging war in Britain. This view has
naturally recommended itself strongly to inquirers from the
philological standpoint, and, outside learned circles, its