PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 11
the base was not touched. Records, Elephas primigenius,
Bos primigenius, Cervus Strongyloceros. 66
Walthamstow, reservoirs (T. V. Holmes, E.N., xii., 1902,
pp. 224-231). The surface of the marsh stands at about
23 feet O.D., the depths given are below the surface. The
average depth of the platymore (London Clay) is about
18 feet, but varies from about 9 feet near the margin of
the marsh to 25 feet. At the N.W. corner of the Southern,
or "Lockwood," Reservoir, a channel 57 feet deep was
proved—only 60 or 70 yards to the E. the platymore was
at 15 feet. 67
Lea Valley (A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, E.N.,
xiii., 1903, pp. 78-79). The land at this time probably
stood higher than now. Palaeolithic implements in the
Low Terrace are always derivative. 68
Arctic Bed, Lea Valley (S. H.Warren, E.N.. xvii., 1912, pp.
36-39). This occurs in the Low Terrace. List of the fauna
and flora—mammalia, mollusca, flowering plants, mosses,
etc. It was first discovered at Ponder's End and then at
Angel Road. 69
Arctic Bed, Temple Mills (A. Wrigley, E.N.. xvii., 1912, pp.
121-122 ; p. 124 ; xviii., 1915, p 73). Lenticular patches
of the Arctic bed found in Low Terrace gravel with deriva-
tive palaeoliths. 70
d. Miscellaneous.
Pleistocene Rivers of S. Essex (T. V. Holmes, E.N., ix , 1896,
pp. 193-200. contour map). Describes a pre-High Terrace
liver-channel at Romford. The valleys of the Mardyke
and the Crouch are comparatively modern and cat through
the High and Mid Terraces of the Thames [16, 19]. 71
The Essex Stour (P. G. H. Boswell, E.N., xviii., 1915, p. 23,
brief abstract only).
Arctic Mammalia, Distribution (E.N., xiii., 1904, p. 204, quoted
from The Times of 19 December 1903). Records 6 living
polar bears on an iceberg in Lat. 44.54o N. Such accidents
may account for occasional anomalies of distribution. 72
Manganiferous nodules, etc., in Drifts (T. S. Dymond, E.N.,
x., 1897, pp. 210-212 ; J. P. Johnson, E.N., xii., 1902, pp.
135-136 ; Miss M. Thresh, E.N., xii., 1902, pp. 137-140).
Discussion of origin, etc. 73
V. Palaeolithic Implements.
Thames and Lea Valleys : the work of Worthington G.
Smith, subsequently published in "Man, the Primeval
Savage."