l8 PRE-HISTORY IN ESSEX.
Temple Mills (W. G. Smith. T. & P., iii., 1883, p, 146, fig.).
Three polished flint axes on surface of gravel below the
marsh clay. 134
South Tottenham, reservoirs (T. H. Wilson, E.N., x., 1897;
pp. 110-111). Sections in new reservoirs : platymore not
seen. 135
Walthamstow, reservoirs (H. Woodward, T. & P., iii., 1882,
pp. 3-9). The sections generally showed about 2 feet of
upper loam (marsh clay), below this 3 to 7 feet of shell-
marl and peat, and below this the Pleistocene Low-level
gravel. Bronze weapons, pottery, etc., were found in
the Alluvium, but no exact Stratigraphical details are
recorded. The mammalia from the Alluvium include
Alces palmatus and Cervus tarandus [? from the underlying
gravel]. 136
Walthamstow, reservoirs (T. V.Holmes, E.N., xiii., 1901,
pp. 1-16, map and numerous sections, photograph of
"dug-out" canoe). Many sections in the new Banbury
and Lockwood Reservoirs, showing the silting-up, at
various dates, of different former channels. A "Viking
ship" was found in one such channel. In another place,.
a "dug-out" was found, and not far away some Roman
pottery and an iron spear-head in what the engineer believed
to be the same stratum. Tobacco-pipes of 17 to 18 century
occurred at the base of the upper Marsh clay. (Visit to
site, E.N.. xii., 1902, pp. 150-152, photograph of "Viking
Ship.") [Further details and dimensions of the dug-
out, see 322. Also compare 118, 119, 144, 323.] 137
Walthamstow, reservoirs (A.S. Kennard and B. B.Woodward,
E.N., xiii., 1903, pp. 13-21, section and figs, of shells). The
silting of the more modern channels consists of sand and
sandy gravel, with little vegetable material. [This was
also the case with the more recent Chingford Reservoir
site, where I found a mediaeval roofing-tile in situ in well-
stratified gravel 8 feet from the surface.] The somewhat
older spread of alluvium is mostly peaty, and this is capped
by modern Marsh clay. One flint flake was found in situ
in shell-marl. The paper deals mainly with the mollusca.
Further Note (E.N., xiii., 1903, p. 115). Even the spread
of earlier alluvium is probably not older than the Roman
epoch. The ox remains are of a large breed of Bos longifrons)
identified by Prof. Durst as Roman cattle. The Seeds
(C. Reid, ibid.)—concludes that they point to a Roman
date ; the list includes the vine [20, 137]. 138
Comparison of Lake Dwelling and "Dug-out," in Bosnia (E.N.,
xiii., 1903, p. 47). 139.