16 THE CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE IN BRITAIN
large name-panel, often displaying the maker's name in full. The
bowl-shapes of pipes from Broseley are, however, not markedly
different from the contemporary norm, and some Broseley makers
avoided also the extravagantly large foot (see fig. 3(c)).
Fig. 3.
GLAZING OF MOUTHPIECE
During firing of a clay pipe, the kiln temperature is kept low
to ensure a soft, porous body. This gives the stem end a "clayey"
adhesion to the lips unless thoroughly moistened (dipping in beer
was one favourite method). To avoid the unpleasant feel of dry
clay on the lips, glazing of the stem-tip came into use about 1700;
usually red or green glaze was employed but sometimes, and later,
a honey-coloured glaze is found.
EARLY MAKERS' MARKS
The very earliest pipes had no 'trade-mark', but soon, cer-
tainly by 1600, the base of the foot under the bowl received such
marks as are shown in fig. 3(a). These early marks were all
'incuse', that is, were pressed into the pipeclay and not embossed
upon it in relief. Somewhat later marks are more elaborate, as
shown in fig. 3(b).