THE CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE IN ESSEX AND EAST-ANGLIA
37
The widespread habit of cigarette-smoking, which was intro-
duced to this country during the Crimean War and began to be
popular in the eighteen-seventies, has all but killed clay-pipe
smoking in England, since the general rise in wages and prosperity
of the working man enabled remaining pipe-smokers to buy the
more luxurious and less fragile briar pipe.
After the First World War, practically all local makers had
ceased production. It is still possible to buy clay tobacco-pipes
and they are still popular for smoking in some limited regions;
the relatively smaller numbers now required are mostly made at
W. SOUTHORN'S factory, which, in 1962, is even now in pro-
duction of many thousands annually at Broseley.
REFERENCES.
The numbered references throughout the text refer to the following
publications, some of which are more fully described in the notes on page 35.
1ACKLAND (1926). Early Clay Tobacco-pipes. Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc:,
XLVII, LVII, LVIII,
2AUBREY, .J. (1896). Miscellanies.
3BAILLARD, Le Sieur (1688). Discours du Tabac.
4BOYNE (1858). Trade Tokens of 17th Cent.
5BURN, J. H. (1853). Catalogue of Trade Tokens—Beaufoy Colin.
6EDINGS, C. A. (-----). The Thornton Wills Colin. Connoisseur, LXXXVII, 231
7FAIRHOLT, F. W. (1859). Tobacco; Its History and Associations.
8FELIXSTOWE ARCH. MOVEMENT (1961). Archaeology in Colneis.
9GANT, L. H. (1958-1960). Colchester Tobacco-pipes. Bulletin Colchester
Archaeological Group, I (3), II (1), III (3).
10LINDSAY, Seymour (1927). Iron and Brass Implements of the English House :
(Medici Society).
11"Litchfield Pipes" (-----). Arch Jnl., XXVI. 280-284.
12MACARTNEY, H. H. (1906). Old English Tobacco-Pipes. Connoisseur, XVI. 12.
13MILLER CHRISTY (1887). Trade Signs of Essex, 172. Durrant.
14OSWALD, Adrian (1951). English Clay Tobacco-pipes. Arch. News-letter, 3, 10.
15OSWALD, Adrian (1955). Evolution and Chronology of the English Clay
Tobacco-pipe. Arch. News-letter, 5, 12.
16OSWALD, Adrian (1960). The Archaeology and Economic History of English
Clay Tobacco Pipes. Br. Arch. Jnl., 3 Series, XXIII, P. 40 et seq.
17OSWALD and JAMES (1955). Tobacco-pipes of Broseley. Arch. Newsletter,
5, 12, S, 10.
18PRICE, F. G. H. (1900). Early Pipes in the City of London. Arch. Jnl., LVII.
224.
19PRITCHARD, S. E. (1923). Tobacco-pipes of Bristol in 17th cent. Bristol &
Glouces. Arch. Soc. Trans., XLV, 185.
20SCOTT, H. (——). Early Clay Tobacco-pipes from Barton Road, Camb. Camb.
Antiq. Soc. Trans., XX, 147.
21SMITH, W. J. B. (-----). So-called Fairy Pipes. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Ant.
Field Club. Proc. II, 28.
22SMITH, W. J. B. (1854). Collection of Tobacco-pipes and their Manufacture in
England. Arch. Jnl., XI, 181-2.
23STOWE-STRYPE'S Edn. (1754). History of London, II 247.
24WATKINS, Alfred (1932). Herefordshire Pipe Factories. Woolhope Nat. Hist.
Soc, 1930-1932, 132.