8
7. In Wrabness railway cutting was seen four feet of laminated
ironstone, with phosphatic nodules at the base.
8. At Little Oakley, shelly Crag forms three separate patches 
traceable with difficulty under the gravel covering. The largest extends
from Oakley Cross to beyond Foulton Hall. Another, quite hidden, is
just north of the Rectory, and the third a little N.N.E. of Foulton Hall.
g. From South Hall, Ramsey, eastward, shelly Crag and ironstone
are seen in roadside-sections.
10. Dovercourt. (a) Shelly Crag on top of hill overlooking Mill
Bay, west of the old mill site, (b) Phosphates raised near the Cement
Works, N.E. of the house. (c) Nodules and bones used to occur on the
top of the cliff, near the hotel, hut this deposit has now been destroyed
by the waste of the cliff.
11. A like fate has befallen the shelly Crag, noticed by several
authors, on Beacon Hill, Harwich.
12. The Walton Naze still has remains of one of the most famous,
if indeed it does not hold absolutely the supreme position, amongst all
the British sections of Pliocene beds. It shows a considerable thick-
ness of shelly, current-bedded sand, with small phosphatic and
ferruginous nodules, and at the base a seam of larger nodules and bones.
One hundred and ninety-three species of fossils are recorded from this
classic locality in the Geological Survey Memoir ou Quarter-sheet 48
S.E., a copy of which is placed in the room, as is also the list of the
collection in the Museum of Practical Geology.
It is manifestly impossible, in the present sketch of the series,
to point out the many interesting problems, still awaiting solution,
offered by the Crag formation and its fossils. The beds them-
selves suggest questions as to shore-lines, direction of currents,
depth as affected by deposition, erosion, elevation or subsidence,
sources of the detrital elements of the mass, &c, &c. The
fossils again propound various morphological enigmas, and much
study is yet necessary duly to elucidate the conditions, climatal,
geographical, bathymetrical, and, generally, biological, under
which thrived or struggled for existence these direct ancestors of
at least the greater part of the present marine fauna of the
Essex waters.
Of the coeval terrestrial organisms, we are still more
profoundedly ignorant, but few shells of inland habitat having
been found in the Red Crag, and the preservation of these is
little short of marvellous, if we regard the contingencies by which
such fragile relics reached, and remained undestroyed upon, the
floor of the turbulent sea in which the Crag was formed.