10. the exit pupil, the brighter the image, i.e. you can still use them effectively in dull light. Beware of advertisements saying "our binoculars have great range" or "see the mountains on the moon". Actually the moon can be seen with any decent binoculars but it would be absurd to state that they had a range of 238,000 miles! Do not buy binoculars over 10 x magni- fication, 7 x 50 ones are by far the best buy. T know. I've tried quite a few. Over 7 x, a telescope takes over. More about telescopes later, but here are some good makes of bino- culars. "Canon", "Bushnell Custom", "Nikon", "Carl Zeiss" (West German), "Carl Zeiss" Jena (East German), "Leitz", "Hensoldt", "Greenkat", "Milo", "Ross", Carl Beck", "Dr. Wohler", "Habicht", "Minolta", "Swift", "Barr & Stroud", "Asahi Pentax", "Scope", "Dolland", "Frank Nipole", "Heron" and the Russian binoculars. If you are not biased in any way, then the Russian binoculars, particularly the 7 x 50 ones, represent the best value for money. They are well made and the optics are ex- cellent. Of course I understand about people not wishing to support a "communist" regime (actually its "state capitalism") by buying Russian binoculars but they really are good value for money. There are other good makes of binoculars but the ones I have listed I have seen personally. With regard to telescopes the best kinds are prismatic, being generally shorter and having a bigger and brighter image than ordinary pull-out ones. Good makes of prismatic 'scopes are "Kowa", "Swift Telemaster" "Asahi Pentax" and Perl Turretscope", but others favoured by birdwatchers are the