CONTENTS Abbreviations...........................................................4 Acknowledgements......................................................4 Introduction ............................................................5 The Forest Bureaucracy...................................................6 Lodges and Standings Dr. Oliver Rackham...................................8 The Pollard Trees .......................................................18 Grazing on the Forest....................................................26 Mineral Extraction......................................................32 Rabbit Warrens.........................................................35 The Deer..............................................................39 Minor Exploitation......................................................41 The Boundaries of the Forest..............................................41 Calendar of Notable Dates................................................52 Map of Epping Forest....................................................54 Higher Plants ..........................................................55 Mosses and Liverworts Dr. K. J. Adams ....................................86 Lichens Prof. D. L. Hawksworth and Dr. Paulette McManus....................92 Fungi Mr. Geoffrey Kibby............................................... 101 Woodlice and other Crustacea ............................................105 Centipedes and Millipedes...............................................107 Grasshoppers, Crickets and Related Insects..................................108 Dragonflies Dr. Edward Benton.......................................... 110 Hemiptera (Heteroptera and Auchenorhyncha) Dr. Peter Kirby................. 116 Butterflies............................................................121 Bees, Wasps and Ants...................................................126 Two-winged Flies...................................................... 132 Spiders Mr. Peter Harvey............................................... 137 Harvestmen Mr. Peter Hanley........................................... 148 Pseudoscorpions Mr. Peter Harvey ....................................... 149 Fishes Mr. Alwyne Wheeler ............................................. 150 Reptiles and Amphibians Mr. David Scott.................................. 155 Birds................................................................ 157 Mammals Dr. Jonathan Cox............................................. 175 Nature Conservation Status and Management................................ 178 Past, Present and Future................................................. 185 Selected Bibliography ...............................................186-187 The Photographic Record.............................................188-204 Index.............................................................205-210